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1.
Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B ; (12): 336-344, 2023.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-982372

ABSTRACT

Recently, returning straw to the fields has been proved as a direct and effective method to tackle soil nutrient loss and agricultural pollution. Meanwhile, the slow decomposition of straw may harm the growth of the next crop. This study aimed to determine the effects of rumen microorganisms (RMs) on straw decomposition, bacterial microbial community structure, soil properties, and soil enzyme activity. The results showed that RMs significantly enhanced the degradation rate of straw in the soil, reaching 39.52%, which was 41.37% higher than that of the control on the 30th day after straw return. After 30 d, straw degradation showed a significant slower trend in both the control and the experimental groups. According to the soil physicochemical parameters, the application of rumen fluid expedited soil matter transformation and nutrient buildup, and increased the urease, sucrase, and cellulase activity by 10%‒20%. The qualitative analysis of straw showed that the hydroxyl functional group structure of cellulose in straw was greatly damaged after the application of rumen fluid. The analysis of soil microbial community structure revealed that the addition of rumen fluid led to the proliferation of Actinobacteria with strong cellulose degradation ability, which was the main reason for the accelerated straw decomposition. Our study highlights that returning rice straw to the fields with rumen fluid inoculation can be used as an effective measure to enhance the biological value of recycled rice straw, proposing a viable solution to the problem of sluggish straw decomposition.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rumen/metabolism , Agriculture/methods , Soil/chemistry , Microbiota , Bacteria/metabolism , Oryza/metabolism , Soil Microbiology , Cellulose
2.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 73(2): 271-276, Mar.-Apr. 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1248932

ABSTRACT

This study aims to determine the relationship between indicators of the motor activity, pH factor, rumen and rectal temperature within 10 days after calving and to analyze the possibility of using the studied parameters as prognostic signs for diagnosing sub-acute rumen acidosis (SARA). The measurements were taken using bolus with sensors designed to monitor cow health. The motor activity, pH factor and ruminal temperature of 10 cows were measured during 10 days at a measurement interval of every 60 seconds. Next, the researchers calculated the average values of the obtained readings, which were divided into 2 groups according to a measurement interval of every 12 hours. Rectal temperature was measured using a veterinary thermometer every 12 hours (at 8 a.m. and at 8 p.m.). As a result, 200 measurements were obtained. Descriptive sampling statistics were calculated using the SPSS Statistics program. An increase in motor activity reduces the pH level of the rumen environment. Lowering the pH factor of the rumen environment leads to an increase in ruminal temperature. There is a positive statistically significant correlation between ruminal and rectal temperature. The nosology of SARA can be predicted by measuring the motor activity and rectal temperature of dairy cows.(AU)


Este estudo visa determinar a relação entre indicadores de atividade motora, fator de pH, temperatura ruminal e retal em até 10 dias após o parto e analisar a possibilidade de utilizar os parâmetros estudados como sinais prognósticos para o diagnóstico de acidose ruminal subaguda (SARA). As medições foram feitas usando bolus com sensores projetados para monitorar a saúde das vacas. A atividade motora, o fator de pH e a temperatura ruminal de 10 vacas foram medidos durante 10 dias em intervalos de medição de 60 segundos. A seguir, os pesquisadores calcularam os valores médios das leituras obtidas, que foram divididos em 2 grupos de acordo com um intervalo de medição a cada 12 horas. A temperatura retal foi medida com um termômetro veterinário a cada 12 horas (às 8h e às 20h). Como resultado, foram obtidas 200 medições. As estatísticas de amostragem descritiva foram calculadas usando o programa SPSS Statistics. Um aumento na atividade motora reduz o nível de pH do ambiente ruminal. A redução do fator de pH do ambiente ruminal leva a um aumento da temperatura ruminal. Existe uma correlação positiva estatisticamente significativa entre a temperatura ruminal e retal. A nosologia com SARA pode ser prevista medindo a atividade motora e a temperatura retal de vacas leiteiras.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Cattle , Rumen , Acidosis/diagnosis , Acidosis/veterinary , Body Temperature , Postpartum Period/physiology , Prognosis
3.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 73(1): 184-190, Jan.-Feb. 2021. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1153063

ABSTRACT

Concern with antimicrobial resistance in animal production systems increases the interest toward integrative therapies. The objective of the present report was to report an integrative approach to a goat undergoing rumenotomy. A goat with ruminal acidosis underwent rumenotomy, corrective rumen suture, moxibustion, and treatment of the surgical wound (TFO) with sugar. In the first twenty days, acupuncture was performed on ST36, indirect moxibustion on Sp6 and CV8, and TFO with antibiotic ointment and sugar. The wound contracted 2cm, there was gradual return of ruminal dynamics, and moderate pain. Acupuncture continued from D21 to D50 on Yin tang, BL13, BL20, BL23, and BL22. Although there was drainage of ruminal fluid, the wound contracted 4cm during this period, pain was absent, and ruminal dynamics normal. During the last thirty days, the acupuncture technique surround the dragon was used and BL13 point needled, with complete closure of the wound. The TFO from D21 was performed solely with sugar. During treatment, there was modulation of the inflammatory response, with formation of granulation tissue and neovascularization. On D84, fibrinogen was 100mg/dL. The authors conclude that the use of sugar, acupuncture, and moxibustion contributed to return of normal ruminal motility, wound contraction, and complete tissue reepithelization.(AU)


A preocupação com a resistência antimicrobiana nos sistemas de produção animal aumenta o interesse pelas terapias integrativas. Objetiva-se relatar a abordagem integrativa ao paciente caprino submetido à ruminotomia. Uma cabra com acidose ruminal foi submetida à ruminotomia, ruminorrafia, moxabustão, acupuntura e tratamento da ferida operatória (TFO) com açúcar. Nos primeiros vinte dias realizou-se acupuntura em ST36, moxa indireta em Sp6 e CV8, TFO com pomada antibiótica e açúcar. A ferida contraiu 2cm, houve retorno gradual da dinâmica ruminal e dor moderada. A acupuntura continuou de D21 a D50 em Yin tang, BL13, BL20, BL23 e BL22. Apesar da ferida drenar fluido ruminal teve contração de 4cm nesse período, ausência de dor e retorno fisiológico da dinâmica ruminal. Nos últimos trinta dias foi realizada a técnica de acupuntura cercar o dragão e punturou-se o ponto BL13, com fechamento completo da ferida. O TFO a partir do D21 foi realizado somente com açúcar. Durante tratamento houve modulação da resposta inflamatória com formação de tecido de granulação e neoangiogênesse, o D84 revelou fibrinogênio 100mg/dL. Conclui-se que a utilização do açúcar, acupuntura e moxabustão contribuíram para o retorno fisiológico da motilidade ruminal, contração da ferida e completa reepitelização tecidual.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Rumen/surgery , Acidosis/veterinary , Ruminants , Goats , Surgical Wound/therapy , Rumen/diagnostic imaging , Acupuncture Therapy/veterinary , Medicine, Chinese Traditional/methods , Moxibustion/veterinary
4.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 72(6): 2045-2052, Nov.-Dec. 2020. tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1142299

ABSTRACT

The present study aimed to morphometrically evaluate the ruminal mucosa and ruminal fluid characteristics of Santa Inês sheep fed different levels of spineless cactus as a replacement for Tifton grass hay. A total of 32 intact male Santa Inês sheep, approximately 180 days old and with a mean weight of 32.0±1.6kg, were studied in a completely randomized design with four treatments and eight replicates. The morphometric measurements evaluated in the ruminal epithelium (papilla height and surface area) were significantly affected (P< 0.05) by supplementation of the diet with spineless cactus, and these effects showed increasing linear trends. Evaluations of the ruminal fluid also showed a significant increasing linear effect (P< 0.05) for ammonia and a quadratic effect for microbial protein. The inclusion of spineless cactus in the sheep diet affects the ruminal epithelium morphology, including the papilla height and surface area, and favors the absorption process in the rumen. The diet containing higher levels of spineless cactus led to maximum microbial protein production. These results characterize spineless cactus as a feasible alternative for feeding sheep during periods of drought, when the typical food source is scarce.(AU)


O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar morfometricamente a mucosa ruminal e as características do líquido ruminal de ovinos Santa Inês alimentados com diferentes níveis de palma forrageira como substituta do feno de capim-Tifton. Um total de 32 ovinos, machos inteiros, da raça Santa Inês, com aproximadamente 180 dias de idade e peso médio de 32,0±1,6kg, foi estudado em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições. As medidas morfométricas avaliadas no epitélio ruminal (altura e área superficial da papila) foram significativamente afetadas (P<0,05) pela suplementação da dieta com palma forrageira, e esses efeitos mostraram tendências lineares crescentes. As avaliações do fluido ruminal também mostraram um efeito linear crescente significativo (P<0,05) para a amônia e um efeito quadrático para a proteína microbiana. A inclusão de palma forrageira na dieta de ovinos afeta a morfologia do epitélio ruminal, englobando a altura e a área da papila, e favorece o processo de absorção no rúmen. A dieta contendo níveis mais altos de palma forrageira levou à produção máxima de proteína microbiana. Esses resultados caracterizam a palma forrageira como uma alternativa viável para a alimentação de ovelhas durante períodos de seca, quando a fonte típica de alimento é escassa.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rumen/anatomy & histology , Sheep/anatomy & histology , Opuntia/chemistry , Mucous Membrane/anatomy & histology , Fatty Acids, Volatile
5.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 72(4): 1555-1560, July-Aug. 2020. ilus
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1131472

ABSTRACT

Este trabalho descreve um surto de rumenite e abomasite decorrente de sobrecarga de carboidratos em um rebanho de 238 bezerros, com idades entre 12 e 15 meses, causada pela ingestão dos frutos de Enterolobium contortisiliquum. As taxas de morbidade, mortalidade e letalidade foram de, respectivamente, 12,7%, 5,2% e 42,1%. Clinicamente, os bovinos apresentaram fotossensibilização, salivação e diarreia. Os achados de necropsia foram semelhantes nos dois bezerros necropsiados e consistiram de fotodermatite e rumenite ulcerativa multifocal, subaguda a crônica, e abomasite. A relevância deste relato é que, pela primeira vez, foi possível associar a ocorrência da rumenite devido à sobrecarga de carboidratos com a intoxicação espontânea por E. contortisiliquum em bovinos, confirmando achados anteriormente descritos em experimentos realizados com ovinos.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Plant Poisoning/veterinary , Rumen/pathology , Acidosis/veterinary , Abomasum/pathology , Photosensitivity Disorders/veterinary , Plants, Toxic , Fabaceae/toxicity
6.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 72(3): 936-946, May-June, 2020. tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1129643

ABSTRACT

The objective for this study was to evaluate the supplementation with different non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) sources for grazing dairy cows in diets with high or low concentrations of rumen undegradable protein (RUP). Twelve multiparous cows averaging 30kg/d of milk production and 45±23 days in milk in a 4x4 Latin square design with 2 × 2 factorial arrangement were used. The difference in NFC content of the diets was achieved using ground corn (GC) or dried citrus pulp (DCP). Dietary RUP was altered by the partial replacement of soybean meal (LRUP) by roasted whole soybean and corn gluten meal (HRUP). Greater dry matter intake (DMI) was observed in DCP treatments compared to GC treatments (19.2 and 17.7kg/day of DM, respectively). Milk fat concentration was lower for LRUP treatments (3.4%) when compared to HRUP (3.6%). The milk protein concentration was greater for GC treatments (2.9%) in relation to DCP treatments (2.8%). Lower milk ureic nitrogen was observed when DCP diets were fed compared to those with GC (17.8 and 21.2mg/dL, respectively). The use of DCP as CNF source increased dry matter intake as well as milk fat concentration, although no differences in milk production were observed for RUP level.(AU)


Objetivou-se avaliar a suplementação com diferentes fontes de carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF) em vacas manejadas a pasto em dietas com alta ou baixa concentração de proteína não degradável no rúmen (PNDR). Doze vacas multíparas com média de 30kg leite/ dia e 45±23 dias em lactação foram utilizadas em delineamento quadrado latino 4x4 com arranjo fatorial 2 × 2. As fontes de CNF foram milho moído (MM) e polpa cítrica seca (PC). A PNDR da dieta foi alterada pela substituição parcial do farelo de soja da dieta de baixa PNDR (BPNDR) por grão de soja tostado e farelo de glúten de milho dieta de alta PNDR (APNDR). Foi observado maior consumo de matéria seca (CMS) nos tratamentos com PC quando comparado aos tratamentos com MM (19,2 e 17,7kg / dia de MS, respectivamente). O teor de gordura do leite foi menor para os tratamentos com BPNDR (3,4%) em comparação aos tratamentos com APNDR (3,6%). O teor de proteína do leite foi maior nos tratamentos com MM (2,9%) em relação aos tratamentos com PC (2,8%). Foram observados menores teores de nitrogênio ureico no leite dos animais alimentados com PC em relação aos com MM (17,8 e 21,2mg / dL, respectivamente). O uso de PC como fonte de CNF aumentou o consumo de matéria seca, bem como o teor de gordura do leite, embora não tenham sido observadas diferenças na produção de leite relacionada a alteração nos teores de PNDR.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Cattle , Dietary Carbohydrates/administration & dosage , Pectins , Panicum , Rumen
7.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 72(2): 535-544, Mar./Apr. 2020. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1128402

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to evaluate the performance, apparent digestibility of diet, ingestive behavior which occurred in two moments, carcass traits, being evaluated constituent and non-carcass components, and also the effect the yeast culture could promote in the peripheral temperature of rumen, hull and body temperature. The diets consisted of a constant ratio of 50% forage (maize silage) and 50% concentrate. Thirty-six steers, ½ Angus Nelore, with average age of 11 months and average initial body weight of 339.5±10kg were used in the experiment. The inclusion of yeast culture promoted a higher daily dry matter intake (8.83 vs 9.35kg day-1) and, consequently, a better daily weight gain (1,143 vs. 1,325kg day-1) in the initial feedlot phase, with no difference in other periods. The apparent digestibility of the diet containing yeast culture was higher than the control diet (69.69 versus 68.32%, respectively), and its use did not interfere with the feeding behavior of the animals. Based on our findings, supplementation with yeast culture may bring positive results in the initial feedlot phase.(AU)


O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho; a digestibilidade aparente da dieta; o comportamento oral ingestivo, o qual ocorreu em dois momentos, as características de carcaça, sendo avaliados componentes integrantes e não integrantes da carcaça; bem como o efeito que a cultura de leveduras pudesse promover perante a temperatura periférica de rúmen, casco e temperatura corpórea, sendo aferida por meio da temperatura retal. As dietas foram constituídas em uma constante relação de 50% de volumoso (silagem de milho) e 50% de concentrado. Utilizaram-se no experimento 36 novilhos, ½ sangue Angus Nelore, com idade média de 11 meses e peso vivo médio inicial de 339,5 ± 10kg. O uso de cultura de leveduras promoveu maior consumo diário de matéria seca (8,83 contra 9,35 kg dia-1) e consequentemente melhor ganho de peso diário (1,143 contra 1,325kg dia-1) na fase inicial do confinamento, não havendo diferença nos demais períodos. A digestibilidade aparente da dieta que continha cultura de leveduras foi superior à da dieta controle (69,69 contra 68,32%, respectivamente), e seu uso não interferiu no comportamento ingestivo dos animais. Com base nos resultados do presente estudo, a suplementação com cultura de leveduras pode trazer resultados positivos na fase inicial de confinamento.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Body Weight , Weight Gain , beta-Glucans , Feeding Behavior , Rumen/physiology , Silage
8.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 72(2): 573-580, Mar./Apr. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1128427

ABSTRACT

This trial aimed to evaluate the effects of thyme essential oils (EO) on rumen parameters, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in wethers fed with high-concentrate diet. Twenty rumen-cannulated wethers were blocked according to body weight (BW= 64.0±2.1kg), and received one of the following treatments: 25mg of monensin/kg of dry matter (DM; MON) or doses of thyme EO (1.25, 2.50 or 3.75g/kg of DM). The diet was composed of 90% concentrate. Thyme EO was composed mainly by thymol (46.6% of DM) and p-cymene (38.9% of DM). The nutrient intake and apparent digestibility were similar among treatments. The inclusion of 3.75g of thyme EO tended (P= 0.07) to increase butyrate compared to MON and 1.25OE and wethers fed with 1.25g of thyme EO tended (P= 0.07) to decrease ruminal pH on the 14th day compared to MON. The treatments did not affect acetate:propionate ratio, total short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and nitrogen retention. Results from this study suggest that adding thyme EO to high-concentrate diets may be used as an alternative to monensin as feed additive in feedlot lambs.(AU)


O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do óleo essencial (OE) de tomilho nos parâmetros ruminais, na digestibilidade e no balanço de nitrogênio em borregos alimentados com elevado teor de concentrado. Vinte borregos providos de cânulas ruminais foram blocados de acordo com o peso corporal (PC=64,0±2,1kg) e receberam um dos tratamentos: 25mg de monensina/kg de matéria seca (MS; MON) ou doses de OE de tomilho (1,25; 2,50 ou 3,75g/kg de MS). A dieta foi composta por 90% de concentrado. A composição do OE de tomilho foi principalmente timol (46,6% da MS) e p-cimeno (38,9% da MS). A ingestão e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes foram semelhantes entre os tratamentos. A inclusão de 3,75g de OE de tomilho tendeu (P=0,07) a aumentar o butirato em relação aos tratamentos MON e 1,25OE. Os borregos alimentados com 1,25g de OE tenderam (P=0,07) a apresentar menor pH ruminal no 14º dia comparado a MON. No entanto, os tratamentos não afetaram a relação acetato:propionato, concentração total de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta e retenção de nitrogênio. Os resultados sugerem que a adição de OE de tomilho em dietas com elevado teor de concentrado pode ser uma alternativa à monensina como aditivo alimentar para cordeiros em confinamento.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rumen/chemistry , Oils, Volatile/administration & dosage , Sheep/metabolism , Thymus Plant/chemistry , Nitrogen , Monensin , Food Additives
9.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 72(2): 581-589, Mar./Apr. 2020. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1128483

ABSTRACT

Avaliaram-se as doses de nitrogênio 0, 60, 120 e 240kg ha-1 sobre a composição bromatológica e os parâmetros da cinética de degradação ruminal da aveia branca obtida de dois anos de cultivo (2013-2014). Foram realizadas as análises de matéria seca, matéria mineral (MM), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo, fibra em detergente neutro (aFDNmo), lignina, carboidratos solúveis (CHOs) e proteína insolúvel em detergente ácido (PIDA). Não foi observado efeito da adubação nitrogenada sobre as variáveis em nenhum dos anos de cultivo. As variáveis bromatológicas foram influenciadas pelos fatores ambientais. A cinética de degradação ruminal foi correspondente à composição bromatológica. No ano de 2013, foram observados valores superiores para as variáveis PB, MM, PIDA, CHOs e carboidratos não fibrosos, o que influenciou positivamente nos parâmetros da cinética de produção de gás in vitro, Vf 1 e k 2. A composição da cultivar em 2014 tendeu a maiores teores de aFDNmo, lignina e carboidratos totais e a valores superiores para os parâmetros Vf 2 e L. O parâmetro k 1 não foi significativo nos períodos avaliados. Em 2014 o valor nutritivo foi negativamente influenciado pelo atraso na semeadura e pela soma de períodos de restrição hídrica combinados com a elevação da temperatura.(AU)


Doses of Nitrogen were evaluated: 0, 60, 120 and 240kg ha-1 on the chemical composition and rumen degradation kinetics of white oats obtained from two consecutive years (2013-2014). For nutritional characterization the following parameters were analyzed: dry matter; ash, crude protein, ethereal extract, neutral detergent fiber, lignin, soluble carbohydrates and insoluble acid detergent protein. No effect of nitrogen fertilization was observed on the variables analyzed in any of the growing years. The nutritional variables were influenced by environmental factors that occurred in the respective experimental periods and the parameters of ruminal degradation kinetics corresponded to the effects in these compounds. In year 2013, higher values were observed for the variables crude protein, ash, insoluble acid detergent protein, soluble CHO and no fibrous carbohydrates, resulting in higher values also for the in vitro gas production kinetics, Vf1 and k2. Nutritional contents in 2014 tended to higher levels of NDF, lignin and total carbohydrates, and higher values for the parameters Vf2 and L. The parameter k1 was not significant in any of the experimental periods evaluated. In 2014 the forage has its nutritive value negatively influenced by the delay in sowing and the periods of water restriction combined with higher temperatures.(AU)


Subject(s)
Rumen/metabolism , Dietary Carbohydrates/metabolism , Avena/chemistry , Nitrogen , In Vitro Techniques , Kinetics
10.
Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci. (Online) ; 57(3): e168157, 2020. tab
Article in English | VETINDEX, LILACS | ID: biblio-1122182

ABSTRACT

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of the level and degradability of crude protein (CP) on the digestive metabolism and productive performance of dairy cows. In both experiments, 15 Holstein cows with 585 ± 40 kg of body weight were distributed in a Latin square design with five contemporary squares, three periods of 21 days and three treatments. In experiment 1, treatments consisted of three CP levels (130, 160 or 180 g CP/kg DM), while in experiment 2, the treatments consisted of three levels of rumen degradable protein (RDP; 80, 100 or 120 g RDP/kg DM) in diets with average of 163 g CP/kg DM. Variables evaluated in both experiments were dry matter intake (DMI), total apparent digestibility, milk yield (MY) and composition, ruminal fermentation and N balance. In experiment 1, the increase of CP from 130 to 180 linearly increased the organic matter, CP, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) intake (kg) and the apparent total digestibility coefficient of DM and CP. In addition, a linear increase of MY, fat corrected milk (FCM) and daily production of fat, protein, lactose, casein and total solids was observed. A linear increase in ruminal ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration and nitrogen excretion in milk, feces and urine was also observed. However, there was no observed effect on SCFA concentration. In experiment 2, the increase of the RDP from 80 to 120 increased the DMI, MY, FCM, milk protein content and digestibility coefficient of the NDF, ADF and ethereal extract. Additionally, there was an increase in NH3-N concentration and milk nitrogen excretion. The studies indicated that the increase of CP content up to 100 g RDP/kg DM increased the DMI and the productive performance of the cows, but also increased urine N. Thus, it is desirable that the increase of the CP through the increase of the RDP is carried out up to 100 g of RDP/kg DM, since there is elimination of nitrogen, decrease of milk yield and decrease of propionic acid in values above that level.(AU)


Dois experimentos foram realizados com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do nível e da degradabilidade da proteína bruta (PB) no metabolismo digestivo e no desempenho produtivo de vacas leiteiras. Nos dois experimentos, 15 vacas da raça Holandesa com 585 ± 40 kg de peso corporal foram distribuídas em delineamento do tipo quadrado latino com cinco quadrados contemporâneos, sendo três períodos de 21 dias e três tratamentos. No experimento 1, os tratamentos consistiram de três níveis de PB (130, 160 ou 180 g CP/kg de MS), enquanto que no experimento 2, os tratamentos consistiram de três níveis de proteína degradável no rúmen (PDR; 80, 100 ou 120 g de PDR/kg MS) em dietas com média de 163 g CP/kg MS. As variáveis avaliadas nos dois experimentos foram: consumo de matéria seca (CMS), digestibilidade aparente total, produção e composição do leite (PL), fermentação ruminal e balanço de N. No experimento 1, o aumento da PB de 130 para 180 aumentou linearmente o consumo de matéria orgânica, PB, fibra detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (ADF) (kg) e o aparente coeficiente de digestibilidade total de MS e PB. Além disso, foi observado um aumento linear da PL, leite corrigido para gordura (LCG) e produção diária de gordura, proteína, lactose, caseína e sólidos totais. Também foi observado aumento linear na concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal (N-NH3) e excreção de nitrogênio no leite, fezes e urina. No entanto, não foi observado efeito na concentração de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta. No experimento 2, o aumento do PDR de 80 para 120 aumentou o CMS, PL, LCG, teor de proteína do leite e o coeficiente de digestibilidade do FDN, FDA e extrato etéreo. Além disso, houve aumento na concentração de N-NH3 e excreção de nitrogênio no leite. Os estudos indicaram que o aumento do teor de PB em até 100 g RDP/kg de MS aumentou o CMS e o desempenho produtivo das vacas, mas também aumentou o N urinário. Assim, é desejável que o aumento da PB através do aumento da PDR seja realizado até 100 g de PDR/kg de MS, uma vez que há eliminação de nitrogênio, diminuição da produção de leite e diminuição do ácido propiônico em valores acima desse nível.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Cattle , Rumen , Dietary Fiber/metabolism , Dietary Proteins/metabolism , Fermentation , Nitrogen/administration & dosage
11.
Chinese Journal of Biotechnology ; (12): 920-931, 2020.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-826884

ABSTRACT

The capacity for thermal tolerance is critical for industrial enzyme. In the past decade, great efforts have been made to endow wild-type enzymes with higher catalytic activity or thermostability using gene engineering and protein engineering strategies. In this study, a recently developed SpyTag/SpyCatcher system, mediated by isopeptide bond-ligation, was used to modify a rumen microbiota-derived xylanase XYN11-6 as cyclized and stable enzyme C-XYN11-6. After incubation at 60, 70 or 80 ℃ for 10 min, the residual activities of C-XYN11-6 were 81.53%, 73.98% or 64.41%, which were 1.48, 2.92 or 3.98-fold of linear enzyme L-XYN11-6, respectively. After exposure to 60-90°C for 10 min, the C-XYN11-6 remained as soluble in suspension, while L-XYN11-6 showed severely aggregation. Intrinsic and 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS)-binding fluorescence analysis revealed that C-XYN11-6 was more capable of maintaining its conformation during heat challenge, compared with L-XYN11-6. Interestingly, molecular cyclization also conferred C-XYN11-6 with improved resilience to 0.1-50 mmol/L Ca²⁺ or 0.1 mmol/L Cu²⁺ treatment. In summary, we generated a thermal- and ion-stable cyclized enzyme using SpyTag/SpyCatcher system, which will be of particular interest in engineering of enzymes for industrial application.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cyclization , Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases , Chemistry , Metabolism , Enzyme Stability , Industrial Microbiology , Methods , Microbiota , Protein Engineering , Rumen , Microbiology , Temperature
12.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 71(1): 340-344, jan.-fev. 2019. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1038588

ABSTRACT

The morphology of the ruminal and omasal mucosa and hepatic parenchyma of 44 young bulls submitted to four types of concentrates were evaluated by varying the inclusion level of crude Glycerin - CG (0, 6, 12 and 18%). The variables evaluated were number of ruminal papillae per cm² of wall; area of the papillae and total absorption surface per cm² of wall; Mitotic index - MI, height and area of ruminal and omasal papillae; and hepatic morphology. The samples processed for inclusion in paraffin and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin. The different levels of inclusion of CG in the diet did not interfere either in the number of papillae per cm2 of rumen wall (P= 0,70) or in the ruminal absorptive surface area (P= 0,89). Animals that received diets with levels 12 and 18% had higher MI of the ruminal epithelium (P< 0.01), but higher cell proliferation wasn't reflected in height gain and papillary area (P= 0,82). The omasal mucosa wasn't influenced by the inclusion of CG (MI e height gain and papillary area, P= 0,43, P= 0,56 e P= 0,9, respectively). The inclusion of GB in up to 18% of diet dry matter didn't alter the morphology of the rumen and omaso mucosa; and the integrity hepatic parenchyma.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Omasum/anatomy & histology , Rumen/anatomy & histology , Ruminants/anatomy & histology , Glycerol/administration & dosage , Liver/anatomy & histology
13.
Arq. Ciênc. Vet. Zool. UNIPAR (Online) ; 21(2): 85-86, abr.-jun. -2018.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-969532

ABSTRACT

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da substituição do milho grão pelo gérmen integral de milho (GIM) na dieta de vacas lactantes, com cinco teores de inclusão do gérmen com base na matéria seca (MS) (0,0; 6,7; 13,5; 20,1 e 26,9 %). Foram utilizadas cinco vacas multíparas mestiças, com 490 kg de peso corporal, 100 dias pós-parto e produção média de 26 kg de leite/dia. Cada período experimental teve duração de 21 dias, sendo 13 dias para adaptação à dieta e oito dias para coleta de amostras. O experimento foi em quadrado latino, os modelos foram selecionados em que os regressores foram significativos e a falta de ajuste não significativa, adotando-se o nível de significância de 5%. As variáveis analisadas foram o consumo de matéria seca (CMS) (kg/dia de MS), a digestibilidade (%), o comportamento ingestivo (h/dia), tamanho médio de partícula (mm), a fração não degradável (%), parâmetros ruminais (mg/dL), produção de leite (PL) (kg/dia), composição do leite (%), eficiência alimentar (EA = PL/CMS), concentração de energia e energia de lactação (Mcal/kg). A substituição do milho grão pela inclusão do GMI não provocou alterações (P>0,05) no comportamento ingestivo, pH, N-NH3 , e fração não degradável. A produção de leite, quantidade de proteína, lactose, relação proteína: gordura e eficiência alimentar tiveram aumento (P<0,05). Foi verificada redução linear (P<0,05) na porcentagem de gordura e concentração de energia, assim como a % de butirato com o acréscimo de GIM na dieta. A dieta com a inclusão de 26,9% de GIM na MS não promoveu efeito negativo sobre as variáveis analisadas, dessa forma, o GMI, pode ser um substituto do milho na dieta de vacas lactantes.(AU)


The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing corn grain with whole-grain corn germ (WGCG) in the diet of lactating cows with five levels of inclusion of germ based on dry matter (DM) (0.0; 6.7; 13.5; 20.1; and 26.9%). This study used five multiparous crossbred cows, with average 490-kg body weight, 100 days postpartum, and average production of 26 kg of milk/day. Each experimental period lasted 21 days, with 13 days for diet adaptation and eight days for the collection of samples. The experiment was carried out in a Latin square design, with the selection of models where the regressors were significant and non-significant lack of adjustment, adopting a 5% significance level. The study analyzed the following variables: dry matter intake (DMI) (kg/day DM), digestibility (%), ingestion behavior (h/day), mean particle size (mm), non-degradable fraction (mg/dL), milk production (MP) (kg/day), milk composition (%), feed efficiency (FE = MP/DMI), energy concentration and lactation energy (Mcal/kg). It was observed that the replacement of corn grain with WGCG did not cause changes (P>0.05) in the ingestion behavior, pH, N-NH3, and non-degradable fraction. Milk production, protein, lactose, protein:fat ratio and food efficiency presented an increase (P<0,05). A linear reduction (P<0.05) was observed in the percentage of fat and energy concentration, as well as the percentage of butyrate with the addition of WGCG in the diet. The diet with the inclusion of 26.9% WGCG in DM did not present any negative effects on the analyzed variables, thus, WGCG could be a substitute for maize in the diet of lactating cows.(AU)


Se evaluó el efecto de la sustitución del maíz grano por el germen integral de maíz (GIM) en la dieta de vacas lactantes, con cinco niveles de inclusión del germen con base en la materia seca (MS) (0,0; 6,7; 13,5, 20,1 y 26,9%). Se utilizaron cinco vacas multíparas mestizas, con 490 kg de peso corporal, 100 días posparto y producción media de 26 kg de leche/día. Cada período experimental tuvo una duración de 21 días, siendo 13 días para adaptación a la dieta y ocho días para la toma de muestras. El experimento fue en cuadrado latino, los modelos fueron seleccionados donde los regresores fueron significativos y la falta de ajuste no significativa, adoptando el nivel de significancia del 5%. Las variables analizadas fueron el consumo de materia seca (CMS) (kg/día de MS), la digestibilidad (%), el comportamiento de ingestión (h/día), tamaño medio de partícula (mm), la fracción no degradable (%), parámetros rúmiales (mg / dL), producción de leche (PL) (kg/día), composición de la leche (%), eficiencia alimentaria (EA = PL/CMS), concentración de energía y energía de lactancia (Mcal/ kg). La sustitución del maíz grano por la inclusión del GMI no provocó alteraciones (P>0,05) en el comportamiento de ingestión, pH, N-NH3, y fracción no degradable. La producción de leche, cantidad de proteína, lactosa, relación proteína: grasa y eficiencia alimentaria tuvieron aumento (P<0,05). Se verificó una reducción lineal (P<0,05) en el porcentaje de grasa y concentración de energía, así como e l % de butirato con el aumento de GIM en la dieta. La dieta con la inclusión del 26,9% de GIM en la MS no promovió efecto negativo sobre las variables analizadas, de esa forma, el GMI, puede ser un sustituto por maíz en la dieta de vacas lactantes.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Cattle , Rumen/metabolism , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Cattle/metabolism , Zea mays , Fatty Acids
14.
Braz. j. microbiol ; 49(supl.1): 101-106, 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-974326

ABSTRACT

Abstract In the Southern Hemisphere, ruminants are mostly raised in grazing systems where animals consume forage and are supplemented with low amounts of concentrates. Concentrates are usually given separately and are rapidly ingested. This practice leads to changing rumen environment conditions during the day, may alter the rumen microbial metabolism and could affect host performance. The native ruminal Prevotella bryantii strain 3C5 was administered every 48 h to wethers under experimental conditions simulating Southern-Hemisphere feeding to evaluate its potential as a rumen fermentation modulator. The inoculum potential was assessed on day 17. The ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), volatile fatty acids and ruminal pH were monitored on a 24-h basis 19 days after the beginning of the experiment, and the microbial community structure was assessed by pyrosequencing. The administration of P. bryantii modified the fermentation products and daily pH values compared to the control. The NH3-N concentration in the rumen of treated animals was significantly higher than that of the untreated animals. Modification of the ruminal environment and fermentation pathways was achieved without altering the general structure of the microbial community or the potential methane production. P. bryantii 3C5 could be considered in potential probiotic formulations for ruminants in semi-intensive systems.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rumen/microbiology , Prevotella/metabolism , Rumen/metabolism , Rumen/chemistry , Sheep , Prevotella/genetics , Digestion , Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism , Fermentation , Ammonia/metabolism , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Models, Biological
15.
Braz. j. microbiol ; 48(4): 801-808, Oct.-Dec. 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-889172

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT The various types of lignocellulosic biomass found in plants comprise the most abundant renewable bioresources on Earth. In this study, the ruminal microbial ecosystem of black goats was explored because of their strong ability to digest lignocellulosic forage. A metagenomic fosmid library containing 115,200 clones was prepared from the black-goat rumen and screened for a novel cellulolytic enzyme. The KG35 gene, containing a novel glycosyl hydrolase family 5 cellulase domain, was isolated and functionally characterized. The novel glycosyl hydrolase family 5 cellulase gene is composed of a 963-bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 320 amino acid residues (35.1 kDa). The deduced amino acid sequence showed the highest sequence identity (58%) for sequences from the glycosyl hydrolase family 5 cellulases. The novel glycosyl hydrolase family 5 cellulase gene was overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Substrate specificity analysis revealed that this recombinant glycosyl hydrolase family 5 cellulase functions as an endo-β-1,4-glucanase. The recombinant KG35 endo-β-1,4-glucanase showed optimal activity within the range of 30-50 °C at a pH of 6-7. The thermostability was retained and the pH was stable in the range of 30-50 °C at a pH of 5-7.


Subject(s)
Animals , Bacterial Proteins/chemistry , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , Bacteria/enzymology , Cellulase/chemistry , Cellulase/genetics , Rumen/microbiology , Bacterial Proteins/metabolism , Bacteria/classification , Bacteria/genetics , Bacteria/isolation & purification , Cellulase/metabolism , Cloning, Molecular , Enzyme Stability , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Goats , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Metagenome , Metagenomics
16.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 69(6): 1635-1644, nov.-dez. 2017. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-911088

ABSTRACT

Objetivou-se comparar a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) e da fibra em detergente neutro (DIVFDN) de forragens e concentrados obtidos por intermédio das incubadoras DaisyII e TE-150, combinadas com filter bags tipo F57 (Ankon®) ou tecido não-tecido (TNT, 100g/m²), em relação aos valores obtidos utilizando-se o método de Tilley e Terry (1963). Foram utilizadas 25 amostras de alimentos concentrados e 25 de forragens. Não houve diferenças entre filter bags (P>0,39) para a DIVMS de forragens. Maiores valores de DIVMS (P<0,01) foram verificados para a incubadora TE-150 em relação à DaisyII. As estimativas de DIVMS obtidas com incubadoras e filter bags foram superiores (P<0,01) àquelas obtidas com o método Tilley e Terry (1963). Observaram-se maiores valores de DIVFDN de forragens (P<0,01) com filter bags F57 em relação ao TNT e com a incubadora TE-150 em relação à DaisyII. Todos os valores de DIVFDN obtidos com incubadoras e filter bags foram superiores (P<0,01) aos obtidos com o método Tilley e Terry (1963). Todos os métodos apresentaram-se positiva e fortemente correlacionados (P<0,01), tanto para DIVMS como para DIVFDN. As repetibilidades e variâncias entre amostras para DIVMS e DIVFDN foram similares entre os métodos. Portanto, conclui-se que, em se tratando de avaliações comparativas entre alimentos, todos os métodos avaliados possuem capacidade similar de discriminação.(AU)


The objective was to compare in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD) and neutral detergent fiber (IVNDFD) of forages and concentrates obtained using the incubators DaisyII and TE-150, and filter bags F57 (Ankon®) or non-woven textile (NWT - 100g/m²) in comparison with the values obtained using the Tilley and Terry (1963) method. Twenty-five samples of concentrates and 25 samples of forages were used. There were no differences between filter bags (P>0.39) for IVDMD of forages. Higher IVDMD (P<0.01) were observed for TE-150 compared to DaisyII. Estimates of IVDMD obtained with incubators and filter bags were higher (P<0.01) than those obtained with the Tilley and Terry (1963) method. Higher IVNDFD (P<0.01) were obtained with filter bags F57 regarding to NWT and TE-150 when compared to DaisyII. All values of the IVNDFD obtained with incubators and filter bags were higher (P<0.01) than those obtained with the Tilley and Terry (1963) method. Both IVDMD and IVNDFD variables were greater using TE-150 incubator than using DaisyII (P<0.04). Estimates obtained using NWT filter bags were higher (P<0.01) than F57 filter bags. All methods were positively and strongly correlated (P<0.01) to each other for IVDMD and IVNDFD. The repeatability and variances among samples for IVDMD and IVNDFD were similar among methods. In conclusion, all methods were similarly able to discriminate samples.(AU)


Subject(s)
Filters , Incubators/statistics & numerical data , Reproducibility of Results , Rumen
17.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 69(5): 1155-1162, set.-out. 2017. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-877312

ABSTRACT

Objetivou-se avaliar clinicamente os efeitos da administração intrarruminal de duas quantidades distintas de manga em ovinos. Foram utilizados sete ovinos machos, hígidos, que não receberam carboidratos não fibrosos por, pelo menos, seis meses previamente ao período experimental, quando se avaliou pH ruminal, total de protozoários no suco de rúmen, pH urinário, pH sanguíneo estimado e parâmetros vitais nos tempos zero, 12, 16, 20 e 24 após a administração da manga. Os sete ovinos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos e receberam 0,625% ou 1,875% da MS de manga/kg/PV (M1 e M2, respectivamente), distribuídos em delineamento cross-over, com uma parcela perdida, e 30 dias de washout. Os ovinos M2 apresentaram valores médios para pH ruminal significativamente inferiores a M1 a partir do tempo T12 (5,1 e 6,9, respectivamente), o que indica ocorrência de acidose ruminal. Os animais tratados com M1 não apresentaram alterações sistêmicas, ao passo que os ovinos tratados com M2 apresentaram acidose metabólica leve, detectada por meio do pH urinário ácido (4,8). A ingestão apenas de manga in natura na quantidade de 1,875% da MS de manga/kg/PV mostrou-se capaz de provocar acidose ruminal em ovinos, levando-os a: ligeira depressão, aumento da frequência cardíaca, diminuição dos movimentos ruminais e diarreia em alguns casos.(AU)


The aim of this study is to clinically evaluate the effects of intra ruminal administration of two different amounts of mango in sheep. The sample was of seven male healthy sheep, which did not receive non-fibrous carbohydrates for at least six months prior to the trial. Rumen fluid pH, total of protozoa in the rumen fluid, urine pH, estimated blood pH, and vital parameters were evaluated at the following times: zero, 12, 16, 20 and 24 hours after administration of the mango. The seven sheep were randomly divided into two groups and received either 0.625% or 1.875% of the dry matter of the pulp and mango peel per kg body weight (M1 and M2, respectively), distributed in cross-over design with a lost portion and 30 days washout. Sheep treated with M2 showed significantly lower average values for ruminal pH than the M1 since T12 (5.1 and 6.9, respectively), indicating the occurrence of ruminal acidosis. The animals treated with M1 showed no systemic changes, while the sheep treated with M2 had mild metabolic acidosis, detected through the lower urinary pH (4.8). The in natura mango ingestion in the amount of 1.875% of the dry matter of mango per kg of body weight proved to provoke rumen acidosis in sheep, leading these animals to: slight depression, rise in heart rate, diminished rumen movement, and diarrhea in some cases.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Acidosis/veterinary , Mangifera , Rumen , Sheep/metabolism , Fruit
18.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 69(5): 1339-1345, set.-out. 2017. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-879372

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to quantify and identify the profile of the rumen protozoa population of beef steers fed with or without roughage. Nellore crossbred steers raised in extensive system on lignified tropical pastures with mineral supplementation and steers confined for 60 days only receiving pelletized concentrate and whole corn kernels were evaluated. After slaughter, rumen fluid was collected and one ml aliquots were diluted in nine ml formaldehyde solution at 10%. The counts of small, medium and large protozoa were held in Sedgewick Rafter chambers and identification of genus was possible after staining lugol and optical microscope with a 40X objective. The concentration of rumen protozoa positively correlated with pH ruminal. Cattle fed without roughage had significantly lower rumen protozoa population (P<0.05). Animals fed roughage had higher occurrence of Dasytrichia genus, Charonina, Entodinum, Diplodinium, Ostracodinium and Epidinium while those fed without bulk, the Buetschilia, Isotricha, Eodinium, Polyplastron, Elyplastron, Metadinium and Enoploplastron were the most frequent genus.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Acidosis/veterinary , Microbiota , Rumen/microbiology
19.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 37(8): 785-789, Aug. 2017. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-895501

ABSTRACT

Descreve-se um surto de intoxicação aguda em bovinos causado pela ingestão de Portulaca elatior na região nordeste do Brasil. O surto resultou da ingestão a partir da administração da planta no cocho pelo criador para os bovinos. Quatro de cinco bovinos foram intoxicados e dois morreram. Os sinais clínicos incluíram dor abdominal, tremores musculares, intensa salivação, timpanismo moderado e desidratação. O curso clínico da doença variou de 10 a 18 horas. Os achados macroscópicos incluíram desidratação, avermelhamento das mucosas dos pré-estômagos, abomaso e intestinos, além de ulceração da mucosa ruminal. Nos dois casos foi notada a presença de fragmentos de Portulaca no interior do rúmen. Os achados histológicos foram de degeneração e necrose das camadas superficiais do epitélio dos pré-estômagos, necrose e inflamação da mucosa intestinal e necrose linfoide. As atividades de AST e GGT estavam dentro dos valores de normalidade. O diagnóstico de intoxicação associado à ingestão de P. elatior foi baseado na epidemiologia, sinais clínicos e lesões. A ausência de informação sobre a toxicidade de P. elatior foi a principal causa para a ocorrência da intoxicação acidental.(AU)


An outbreak of acute poisoning in cattle caused by the ingestion of Portulaca elatior occurred in the northeastern Brazil. The outbreak resulted from ingestion of the plant provided by the farmer. Four out of five cattle were poisoned and two died. Clinical signs included abdominal pain, muscle trembling, intense salivation, mild bloat and dehydration. The course of the disease ranged from 10 to 18 hours. Gross findings included dehydration, reddening of the mucosa of forestomachs, abomasum, and intestine, with ulcerations of the ruminal mucosa. The presence of Portulaca leaves in the rumen was noted in both cases. The main histologic lesions were superficial to full thickness degeneration and necrosis of the stratified epithelium lining the forestomachs, necrosis and inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, and lymphoid necrosis. The serum activities of AST and GGT and serum were within normal ranges. The diagnosis of poisoning associated with ingestion of P. elatior was based on the epidemiology, clinical signs and lesions. The lack of information about the toxicity of P. elatior was the main cause for the accident of poisoning.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Plant Poisoning/veterinary , Rumen , Portulacaceae/toxicity , Necrosis/veterinary , Plants, Toxic
20.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 37(8): 883-890, Aug. 2017. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-895494

ABSTRACT

Avaliou-se o efeito da inclusão da silagem da raiz de mandioca sobre os parâmetros ruminais e o balanço de compostos nitrogenados em bovinos de origem leiteira. Utilizou-se cinco animais, canulados no rúmen, não lactantes e com peso corporal médio de 389 kg. Os animais foram distribuídos em um quadrado latino cinco x cinco, sendo cinco dietas com níveis de inclusão (0,00; 3,62; 7,23; 10,84; e 14,54% da matéria seca da dieta) da silagem da raiz de mandioca e cinco períodos. Cada período constituiu-se em 10 dias de adaptação e cinco dias para a coleta dos dados. As excreções de nitrogênio na urina e nas fezes não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pela inclusão da silagem da raiz de mandioca nas dietas. O consumo de nitrogênio total (CNT) e o balanço de nitrogênio (BN) apresentaram comportamento quadrático e linear crescente, respectivamente. Obteve-se o menor CNT (142,14 g/dia) no nível de inclusão de 5,82% de silagem da raiz de mandioca. As concentrações de ureia (U) e de nitrogênio ureico (NU) na urina e no plasma não modificaram (P>0,05). Observou-se comportamento quadrático (P<0,05) nas excreções de U e NU na urina, com ponto de mínimo de 131,13 e 61,20 g/dia, respectivamente, no nível de 7,27% de inclusão da silagem da raiz de mandioca. Não houve interação (P>0,05) entre os níveis da silagem da raiz de mandioca e o tempo de coleta do conteúdo ruminal para os ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, o pH e o nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3). Apenas o teor de N-NH3 apresentou comportamento quadrático, em função dos níveis de inclusão, obtendo-se o ponto mínimo (12,62 mg/100 mL de conteúdo ruminal) no nível de 5,98%. O nível de 7,23% de silagem da raiz de mandioca na dieta foi mais eficiente na utilização dos compostos nitrogenados. As dietas contribuem de forma semelhante para a produção dos ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, sem interferir no pH ruminal.(AU)


The effect of inclusion of cassava root silage on ruminal parameters and nitrogenous compounds in dairy cattle was evaluated. Five cattle cannulated in the rumen and with average body weight of 389 kg were distributed into a Latin square 5x5, with five levels of inclusion (0.00, 3.62, 7.23, 10.84 and 14.54% of the diet dry matter) of cassava root silage and five periods (10 days for adaptation and five days for data collection). The nitrogen excretion in urine and feces were not affected (P>0.05) by inclusion of cassava root silage in the diet. The total nitrogen intake (CNT) and nitrogen balance (NB) showed an increasing quadratic and linear behavior, respectively. The lowest CNT (142.14g/day) was obtained with the inclusion of 5.82% silage cassava root. The concentration of urea (U) and urea nitrogen (UN) in plasma and urine did not change (P>0.05). There was a quadratic behavior (P<0.05) in excreta of U and NU in the urine, with minimum point of 131.13 and 61.20g/day respectively, at the level of 7.27% inclusion of the cassava root silage. No interaction (P>0.05) was between the levels of cassava root silage and the collection time of rumen contents for the short-chain fatty acids, pH and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N). Only the N-NH3 protein showed quadratic behavior, according to the inclusion levels, with the minimum point (12.62mg/100ml of rumen contents) at the level of 5.98%. The level of 7.23% of cassava root silage in the diet was more efficient with the use of nitrogen compounds. The diets contribute similarly to the production of short chain fatty acids, without disturbing the rumen pH.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Rumen/chemistry , Silage/analysis , Starch , Manihot , Nitrogen Compounds/analysis , Saccharum
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